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AS Level     Sequential Logic     >Synchronous Counter<     Up Counter and Reset    

Sequential Logic Synchronous Counter


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  AS Level    Sequential Logic  0 of 11    Question 736    Counter Controller 
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Deadline not set1 of 11    Question 541    D Type Flip Flop Counters 
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Deadline not set2 of 11    Question 542    D Type Flip Flop Counters 
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Deadline not set6 of 11    Question 673    RS Flip Flop 01 
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Deadline not set8 of 11    Question 671    RS Flip Flop 03 
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Deadline not set10 of 11    Question 675    RS Flip Flop 05 
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Deadline not set11 of 11    Question 676    RS Flip Flop 06 
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Once you understand this topic you'll realise why microcontrollers were invented. "WTF!. I'll just use a microcontroller and a look-up table."

On the rising edge of the clock pulse, each input DA, DB or DC is copied to QA, QB or QC.
The combinational logic computes the next counter state from the inputs A, B and C (which are the outputs from the latch).

 

Sequence Generator

A Rather Basic Washing Machine Example

A: Fill
B: Wash
C: Drain

Sequence ...

   C B A 
0: 0 0 1    Fill
1: 0 1 0    Wash
2: 1 1 1    Fill + Wash + Drain (amounts to rinse).
3: 1 0 0    Drain
4: 0 0 0    End

Sequence diagrams are used where the data from the table above are put in a pretty diagram showing just the latch outputs at each stage.

Sequence Diagram

Here is the diagram showing the unused states leading back to the 0,0,0 state. They could lead back to any point on the diagram if that proved useful.

Sequence Diagram with Unused States

A truth table describing all the states and next-states (the next states are the same as the current states, shifted up one place in the table). The unused states often point to the "stop" or "start" or "end" state. If it does not matter what happens after an unused state, these can be made to point to any step in the table to save circuitry (and cost).

Sequence Current Output Next Output after Clock Pulse
Step C B A Dc Db Da
0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
2 1 1 1 1 0 0
3 1 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 1
Unused States
5 0 1 1 0 0 0
6 1 0 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 0 0 0 0

Designing the Da Logic

Da is high if the input C,B,A is 010 or 000 - this circuit detects these and only these conditions

Decoder for Da

But it might be possible to simplify this circuit using a Karnaugh Map where pairs (or fours) of ones can be grouped. The yellow highlight shows a pair. This shows that C must be zero and it does not matter what value B has. So B does not need to be wired up! Some people with good pattern recognition can stare at the truth table and spot this pattern and get it right without Karnaugh maps. For others, it's safer to do "colouring in" to spot the patterns!

  B A B A B A B A
C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0

Here is the new simplified circuit ...

SImplified Decoder Circuit

Designing the Db Logic

Db is high if the current state is 001 or 010.

  B A B A B A B A
C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0

There are no pairs or fours so this can't be simplified.

Decoder can't be simplified

Designing the Dc Logic

Dc is high if C,B,A is 010 or 111

  B A B A B A B A
C 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0

There are no pairs or fours so this can't be simplified.

Dc can't be simplified

Programmable Logic Arrays

If you were going to build a single washing machine, it would be cheaper to build this controller from D Type Flip Flops and other simple logic gates. If your industry was planning a run of a million wahsing machines, you'd be better off using a programmable logic array. This consists of many NAND (or NOR) gates that can be interconnected by programming the chip. This allows a single low cost PLA to be used instead of a bunch of separate chips. You might only save 50p per controller but that's half a million quid saved!

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